Food insecurity and sociodemographic factors in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objective: To understand the association of food insecurity with sociodemographic factors in a sample population in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This was a multicenter cross-sectional study conducted in 10 countries in Latin America using an online survey through various digital platforms from October 14, 2020 to February 15, 2021. Statistical analysis of data was performed by applying descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and logistic regression analysis. Results: Of a total of 6 357 surveys, 58.2% of respondents experienced food security, 29.3% were slightly food insecure, 9.2% were moderately food insecure, and 3.3% were severely food insecure. Concerning the association food insecurity and sociodemographic variables, there is a significant association in the variables studied, including area of residence, education level, occupation, number of persons in the household, household with children younger than 10 years of age, and socioeconomic level. Conclusions: These findings indicate that sociodemographic factors associated with food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America were rural residence; complete and incomplete basic and secondary schooling; occupation (homemaker, unemployed, and self-employed); low, medium-low, and medium socioeconomic level; household with more than four persons; and household with children younger than 10 years of age.

Food insecurity and sociodemographic factors in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic / Inseguridad alimentaria y factores sociodemográficos en América Latina durante la pandemia de COVID-19 / Insegurança alimentar e fatores sociodemográficos na América Latina durante a pandemia de COVID-19

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To understand the association of food insecurity with sociodemographic factors in a sample popu- lation in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. This was a multicenter cross-sectional study conducted in 10 countries in Latin America using an online survey through various digital platforms from October 14, 2020 to February 15, 2021. Statistical analysis of data was performed by applying descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and logistic regression analysis. Results. Of a total of 6 357 surveys, 58.2% of respondents experienced food security, 29.3% were slightly food insecure, 9.2% were moderately food insecure, and 3.3% were severely food insecure. Concerning the association food insecurity and sociodemographic variables, there is a significant association in the variables studied, including area of residence, education level, occupation, number of persons in the household, house- hold with children younger than 10 years of age, and socioeconomic level. Conclusions. These findings indicate that sociodemographic factors associated with food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America were rural residence; complete and incomplete basic and secondary schooling; occupation (homemaker, unemployed, and self-employed); low, medium-low, and medium socioeco- nomic level; household with more than four persons; and household with children younger than 10 years of age.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Determinar la asociación de la inseguridad alimentaria con factores sociodemográficos en una muestra de población de América Latina durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal multicéntrico en diez países de América Latina mediante una encuesta en línea a través de diversas plataformas digitales, entre el 14 de octubre del 2020 y el 15 de febrero del 2021. Se realizó un análisis estadístico de los datos usando procedimientos de estadística descriptiva, la prueba ji al cuadrado y un análisis de regresión logística. Resultados. En un total de 6 357 encuestas, el 58,2% de las personas encuestadas gozaba de seguridad ali- mentaria, el 29,3% tenía una inseguridad alimentaria leve, el 9,2% una inseguridad alimentaria moderada y el 3,3% una inseguridad alimentaria grave. Por lo que respecta a la asociación entre la inseguridad alimentaria y las variables sociodemográficas, hay una asociación significativa para algunas de las variables estudiadas, como la zona de residencia, el nivel de estudios, la actividad laboral, el número de personas en el hogar, el hogar con menores de 10 años y el nivel socioeconómico. Conclusiones. Estos resultados indican que los factores sociodemográficos asociados a la inseguridad alimentaria durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en América Latina fueron la residencia en zonas rurales; la edu- cación primaria y secundaria completa o no; la actividad laboral (trabajo doméstico, personas desempleadas y trabajadores autónomos); el nivel socioeconómico bajo, medio bajo, y medio; el hogar con más de cuatro personas; y el hogar con menores de 10 años.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Compreender a relação entre insegurança alimentar e fatores sociodemográficos em uma amostra populacional da América Latina durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos. Estudo transversal multicêntrico realizado em 10 países da América Latina por meio de uma pesquisa on-line conduzida em diferentes plataformas digitais de 14 de outubro de 2020 a 15 de fevereiro de 2021. A análise estatística dos dados foi realizada por meio da aplicação de estatísticas descritivas, teste qui-quadrado e análise de regressão logística. Resultados. De um total de 6 357 questionários, 58,2% dos entrevistados afirmaram ter segurança alimentar, 29,3% indicaram um nível de insegurança alimentar leve, 9,2% tinham insegurança alimentar moderada e 3,3%, insegurança alimentar grave. No que diz respeito à relação entre insegurança alimentar e variáveis sociodemográficas, há uma relação significativa com as variáveis estudadas, incluindo área de residência, nível de escolaridade, ocupação, número de pessoas no domicílio, domicílio com crianças com menos de 10 anos de idade e nível socioeconômico. Conclusões. Os achados apontam que os fatores sociodemográficos associados à insegurança alimentar durante a pandemia de COVID-19 na América Latina foram residência em zona rural; ensino fundamental e médio completo e incompleto; ocupação (do lar, desempregado(a) e autônomo(a)); nível socioeconômico baixo, médio-baixo e médio; domicílio com mais de quatro pessoas; e domicílio com crianças menores de 10 anos de idade.

Inseguridad alimentaria en gestantes vinculadas a empresas sociales del estado en la ciudad de Cali, 2-2019 / Food insecurity in pregnances linked to state social enterprises in the city of Cali, 2- 2019

Fundamentos: durante la gestación, el consumo adecuado de alimentos contribuye al bienestar de la madre y el desarrollo del niño. El objetivo de este estudio es describir la situación de seguridad alimentaria y los factores sociales asociados en mujeres gestantes vinculadas a empresas sociales del estado en la ciudad de Cali (Colombia). Métodos: Se desarrolló un estudio de corte transversal analítico en 257 gestantes. Los datos se analizaron mediante Chi2 o prueba de Fisher, además se aplicó modelo de regresión logística a las variables con significancia estadística p<0,05. Resultados: El 51,4% de las gestantes presentaron inseguridad alimentaria, las pruebas estadísticas arrojaron que no vivir en vivienda propia (0R 2,6; IC95% 1,4-4,7), estar en condición de desplazamiento o migración(OR1,98; 1,1-3,9), no tener una red de apoyo(OR 2,2; IC 1,4-3,3) y la obesidad (OR 4,15; IC 1,61-10,69) son factores relacionados con la inseguridad alimentaria, además el tener ingresos propios incluso inferiores a un salario mínimo legal vigente es un factor protector (OR 0,08; IC 0,02-0,36). Conclusiones: La obesidad, falta de vivienda propia, tener condición de migrante o desplazamiento y no contar con una red de apoyo son determinantes asociados a inseguridad alimentaria en gestantes. (AU)

Background: During pregnancy, the adequate consumption of food to contribute to the well-being of themother and the development of the child. The objective of this study is to describe the food security situation and associated factors in pregnant women linked to state social enterprises in the city of Cali. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out in 257 pregnant women. The data were analyzed with the Chi2test or Fisher's test, in addition, the logistic regression model was applied to thevariables with less statistical significance at p 0.05.Results: 1.4% of pregnant women presented food insecurity, statistical tests showed that not living in their own home (0R 2.6: 95% CI 1.4-4.7), being in a condition of displacement or migration (OR 1.98; 1.1-3.9), not having a support network (OR 2.2; CI 1.4-3.3) and obesity (OR 4.15; CI 1.61-10, 69) are factors related to food insecurity, in addition to having their own income even lower than the current legal minimum wage is aprotective factor (OR 0.08; CI 0.02-0.36). Conclusions: Obesity, homelessness, being a migrant or displacement and not having a support network aredeterminants associated with food insecurity in pregnant women. (AU)